What are standard signs of inflammation that can be assessed in a patient?

The standard signs of inflammation that can be assessed in a patient include redness, heat, swelling, and pain. These are the classic signs associated with the inflammatory response, commonly known by the Latin terms: rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), and dolor (pain).

Redness occurs due to increased blood flow to the affected area as blood vessels dilate. Heat, a result of the increased metabolic activity in the tissue and blood vessels, is often noticeable in an inflamed area. Swelling happens due to the accumulation of fluid and white blood cells in the tissue, leading to edema in the affected area. Pain arises from the release of inflammatory mediators that stimulate nerve endings, signaling the body to protect the area from further damage.

In contrast, the other options include signs and symptoms that may be associated with various conditions but do not directly represent the classic signs of inflammation. Bleeding is not a hallmark of inflammation but instead indicates tissue damage. Nausea, fatigue, and dizziness can suggest systemic illness rather than localized inflammation. Lastly, cough, malaise, and purulence are associated with specific infections and systemic responses rather than the localized inflammatory process characterized by the classic signs listed.